Below is a text with blanks. Click on each blank, a list of choices will appear. Select the appropriate answer choice for each blank.
下面的文本有一些空格。点击每个空格会出现一组选项，请为每个空格选出最合适的答案。
Discrimination against women has been alleged in hiring practices for many occupations, but it is extremely difficult to demonstrate sex-biased hiring. A change in the way symphony orchestras musicians provides an unusual way to test for sex-biased hiring. To overcome possible biases in hiring, most orchestras their audition policies in the 1970s and 1980s. A major change involved the use of blind' auditions with a screen' to conceal the identity of the candidate from the jury. Female musicians in the top five symphony orchestras in the United States were less than 5% of all players in 1970 but are 25% today. We ask whether women were more likely to be advanced and hired with the use of blind' auditions. Using data from actual auditions in an individual fixed-effects framework, we find that the screen by 50% the probability a woman will be advanced out of certain preliminary rounds. The screen also enhances, by severalfold, the likelihood a female contestant will be the winner in the final round. Using data on orchestra personnel, the switch to blind' auditions can explain between 30% and 55% of the increase in the proportion female among new hires and between 25% and 46% of the increase in the percentage female in the orchestras since 1970.
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